Andaleeb is an applied economist who works in the area of human development. He is particularly interested in the issues of agriculture, food policy, and social protection in developing countries. He also works in the political economy of social identity. His first book on India’s food systems came out in 2019. His second book, published in 2024, looks studies the past and future of India's social welfare architecture. 

He is a researcher with the Tata-Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition (TCI), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY and is visiting Ohio State University.